Oxidation of a primary alcohol

June 27, 2015 – 02:10 pm

Alcohol oxidation

Mechanism of oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids via aldehydes and aldehyde hydrates

Alcohol oxidation is an important organic reaction. Primary alcohols (R-CH2-OH) can be oxidized either to aldehydes (R-CHO) or to carboxylic acids (R-CO2H), while the oxidation of secondary alcohols (R1R2CH-OH) normally terminates at the ketone (R1R2C=O) stage. Tertiary alcohols (R1R2R3C-OH) are resistant to oxidation.

The direct oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids normally proceeds via the corresponding aldehyde, which is transformed via an aldehyde hydrate (R-CH(OH)2) by reaction with water before it can be further oxidized to the carboxylic acid.

Often it is possible to interrupt the oxidation of a primary alcohol at the aldehyde level by performing the reaction in absence of water, so that no aldehyde hydrate can be formed.

Oxidation to aldehydes[edit]

Oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones

Oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes is partial oxidation; aldehydes are further oxidized to carboxylic acids. Conditions required for making aldehydes are heat and distillation. In aldehyde formation, the temperature of the reaction should be kept above the boiling point of the aldehyde and below the boiling point of the alcohol.

Reagents useful for the transformation of primary alcohols to aldehydes are normally also suitable for the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones. These include:

Allylic and benzylic alcohols can be oxidized in presence of other alcohols using certain selective oxidants such as manganese dioxide (MnO2).

Oxidation to ketones[edit]

Reagents useful for the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones, but normally inefficient for oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes, include chromium trioxide (CrO3) in a mixture of sulfuric acid and acetone (Jones oxidation) and certain ketones, such as cyclohexanone, in the presence of aluminium isopropoxide (Oppenauer oxidation). Another method is oxoammonium-catalyzed oxidation.

Oxidation to carboxylic acids[edit]

Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids

The direct oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids can be carried out using

Diol oxidation[edit]

Oxidative breakage of carbon-carbon bond in 1, 2-diols

Source: en.wikipedia.org

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oxidation of primary alcohols at bryn mawr college

341 and 343 Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic ...

Oxidation of a Primary Alcohol with PCC

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