John R. Dunbar, UC Cooperative Extension Livestock Nutritionist James G. Morris, Veterinary Medicine and Physiological Sciences Ben B. Norman, UC Davis A. J. Jenkins, Colorado State University Charles B. Wilson, Sutter-Yuba counties John M. Connor, UC Sierra Foothill Research Extension Center publication information California Agriculture 47(3):25-26. . author affiliations J. R. Dunbar is UC Cooperative Extension Livestock Nutritionist; J. G. Morris is Professor, Veterinary Medicine and Physiological Sciences; B. B. Norman is Veterinarian, Veterinary Medicine Extension, UC Davis; A. J. Jenkins is Cooperative Extension Agent, Colorado State University; C. B. Wilson is UC Cooperative Extension County Director, Sutter-Yuba counties; J. M. Connor is Superintendent, UC Sierra Foothill Research Extension Center.

We have done business with them for a number of years and when the daughter took it over, the customer service went downhill almost immediately. We sent our driver in to drop off our parts and asked them to hold off for an hour on processing our order because we had more parts to add. When I picked up the completed order (9 days later), they handed me the bill and we were charged for 2 lots. I tried reminding them that we had asked to hold the order for the remaining parts. She claimed that never happened and it was our drivers word against their employee. I said that this was horrible customer service and perhaps I should take my business elsewhere. She went to her desk, handed me a piece of paper and said, "Good luck finding anyone else. We are the only Black Oxide service in San Diego county." The paper she handed me had other Black Oxide services North of us in the LA area and Anaheim areas. I was shocked that she would treat customers this way. No regard for the years of business we gave them. Plus, their rates had increased drastically in the past two years. So, I called the other companies and found a GREAT one in Santa Fe Springs called AllBlack Co. I spoke with Juan at 1.800.425.2522 and he walked me through their process. He set me up with a new account, sent his delivery driver down our way, picked up on a Wed. and had my parts back to me Friday - 2 days later!! Their rates are 1/2 of what Black Oxide in San Marcos are. Plus, their customer service is incredible! BO in San Marcos took close to 2 weeks to get me my parts. Additionally, they closed during Christmas for 3 weeks. So, I guess I should thank BO in San Marcos for the sheet of paper with all of their competitors... It's where I found a fantastic company, wonderful customer service, great turn-around and low rates - AllBlack Co!!!

Lewis Structures of Atoms The chemical symbol for the atom is surrounded by a number of dots corresponding to the number of valence electrons. Lewis Structures for Ions of Elements The chemical symbol for the element is surrounded by the number of valence electrons present in the ion . The whole structure is then placed within square brackets, with a superscript to indicate the charge on the ion. Atoms will gain or lose electrons in order to achieve a stable, Noble Gas (Group 18), electronic configuration. Negative ions (anions) are formed when an atom gains electrons. Positive ions (cations) are formed when an atom loses electrons. Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds The overall charge on the compound must equal zero, that is, the number of electrons lost by one atom must equal the number of electrons gained by the other atom. The Lewis Structure (electron dot diagram) of each ion is used to construct the Lewis Structure (electron dot diagram) for the ionic compound. Examples Lithium fluoride, LiF Lithium atom loses one electron to form the cation Li+ Fluorine atom gains one electron to form the anion F- Lithium fluoride compound can be represented asLi+ OR Lithium oxide, Li2O Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds In a covalent compound, electrons are shared between atoms to form a covalent bond in order that each atom in the compound has a share in the number of electrons required to provide a stable, Noble Gas, electronic configuration. Electrons in the Lewis Structure (electron dot diagram) are paired to show the bonding pair of electrons. Often the shared pair of electrons forming the covalent bond is circled Sometimes the bond itself is shown (-), these structures can be referred to as valence structures . hydrogen fluoride, HF ammonia, NH3 oxygen molecule, O2 Each oxygen will share 2 of its valence electrons in order to form 2 bonding pairs of electrons (a double covalent bond) so that each oxygen will have a share in 8 valence electrons (electronic configuration of neon). Lewis Structure (electron dot diagram) for the oxygen molecule OR &nbsp subscribe to AUS-e-TUTE's free quarterly newsletter, AUS-e-NEWS. AUS-e-NEWS is emailed out in December, March, June, and September. The quickest way to find the definition of a term is to ask Chris, the AUS-e-TUTE Chemist. Chris can also send you to the relevant

The procedure that can be followed when confronted with the name of a compound and you wish to write its formula is as follows: 3. Balance the total positive and negative charge on the cation and anion. You ask yourself do the total positive charge and total negative charge add up to zero. If the answer is no then we ask how many of each ion must we have in order to balance charge. We must have the same number of positive charges as we do of negative charges. Another way of saying that is that they must add up to zero. 4. Once you have determined the number of units of the cation and anion those become the subscripts which are placed right after the respective symbol. Identify the symbols of the cation and anion Copper is Cu and Oxide is O Identify the charge for each and place above the symbol in parenthesis For Copper I that would be 1+ and for Oxide that would be 2- Balance the positive and negative charges Since each Copper is 1+ and each Oxide is 2- then it will take two Cu+ to balance one oxide with a 2- so that 2(1+) + 1(2-) = 0. The numbers outside the parenthesis become the subscripts in the formula Write the formula placing the subscripts right after the symbol they go with. Cu2O Identify the symbols of each part of the name Calcium symbol is Ca and Nitride symbol is N Identify the charge for each Calcium belongs from Group 2 which always has a +2 and Nitride will be a single Nitrogen with a -3 charge Balance charge Since Calcium is +2 and Nitride is -3 the only way to balance them is to have three Calcium's and two nitrides Write the symbol beginning with the symbol that is first in the name and include the subscript after each symbol Ca3N2 Formula writing with Polyatomic Ions 1. Identify the symbol of the cation (first part of the name) and the anion The symbol for Iron is Fe and the symbol for Carbonate which is a polyatomic ion is CO3 2. Identify the valence or charge of each symbol and place it in parenthesis just above the symbol The valence for Iron (III) is 3+ and the valence for Carbonate is 2- 3. Balance the total positive and negative charge on the cation and anion. You ask yourself do the total positive charge and total negative charge add up to zero. If the answer is no then we ask how many of each ion must we have in order to balance charge. We must have the same number of positive charges as we do of negative charges. Another way of saying that is that they must add up to zero. Since an Iron (III) has a +3 charge and the Carbonate ion has a 2- then it would take two Fe3+ units to balance three CO32- units

Chemours has been a pioneer in titanium dioxide technology for the coatings industry and ranks 1st among titanium dioxide manufacturers in product quality, customer service, and production capacity. The goal of our business is to utilize the breadth of capabilities and depth of knowledge intrinsic to Chemours to enable our customers to be more successful. By doing so Chemours Titanium Technologies provides creative & comprehensive solutions tailored to improve customers' product & business performance. We strive to continually be: Innovative - Developing leading products for the coatings industry Enabling - Providing premier systemic solutions Insightful - Offering expert industry consultants

Alternative health practitioners know the benefits of period internal cleansing to maintain overall health and wellness. Magesium oxide is a safe and extremely effective substance to help achieve this. When the compound mixes with water, it essentially frees “blocked” oxygen in the intestinal tract. The additional oxygen promotes aerobic bacteria to grow (“friendly flora”) which, in turn, prevents the growth of “unfriendly” bacteria or fungi. At the same time, the additional oxygen combines with hydrogen to create water which softens any impacted or hardened fecal material, thereby creating the laxative and cleansing effect. One of the best things about utilizing magnesium oxide for cleansing is the mild and natural nature of it relative to chemically derived laxatives. Remember, in the end, it is basically just a mix of water with oxygen. This eliminates the cramping or pain that can result from other laxative use. It is also a method that allows for easy variation of dose which allows a person to control the level or rate of cleansing that suits their needs and lifestyle. Our typical western diet makes the routine cleanse an important process, especially for people who may suffer from constipation on a regular basis. The ability to cleanse in a non-invasive manner also contributes to the popularity magnesium oxide as a natural laxative and intestinal cleanser. In additional, utilizing a laxative that is consumed orally ensures a more complete, cohesive cleanse as the whole intestinal tract is therefore cleansed, literally from top to bottom. In contrast, an enema only truly cleanses the lower portion of the intestinal tract, thereby limiting the effectiveness.

So you may be wondering why I use a synthetic substance, zinc oxide, in my products if I’m trying to be all natural. You may not even know exactly what zinc oxide is. I definitely didn’t until doing some extensive research as I started creating baby products. As soon as I started down this crunchy path creating my own beauty and household products, I decided that I wanted to be as knowledgeable as possible on every substance I put in or on my body. I stay away from processed foods, synthetically produced substances and toxic chemicals. The very core of my values related to my product line is to keep it natural. That’s why I want to explain what zinc oxide is and why I’m using it in the diaper rash cream. What is Zinc Oxide? Zinc oxide is a fine white powder that is insoluble in water. That simply means that if you dump a little zinc oxide into a cup of hot water and stir it around, you’ll just end up with powder and water. Zinc oxide can occur naturally as the mineral zincite but most zinc oxide is synthetically produced. (see wikipedia) You’ll find zinc oxide in a lot of products as an additive, and in the beauty world you will see it in diaper rash cream and in sunscreen. Why Zinc Oxide Works Like Magic in Diaper Rash Creams When you mix zinc oxide with hot emollients, butters, and oils the end result is a thick white cream. While the cream is still hot, you can see the powdery zinc oxide as a separate substance but as it cools the cream becomes a normal consistency and the powder dissolves. Rub the zinc oxide cream on your skin and water droplets will sit on top of the cream. Wash your zinc oxide hands in warm water and you’ll still have beading water. The zinc oxide repels the water and keeps it away from your skin. This is exactly what it does on your baby’s body as well. Wet diapers won’t cause diaper rash because your baby has a layer of zinc oxide cream on that repels the wetness. It’s the best substance to use in diaper rash creams because it works so well at repelling moisture. Zinc Oxide Percentages in Other Diaper Rash Creams Zinc oxide can be found in most “natural” diaper rash creams as well as most mainstream store bought creams. It is the active substance in all these creams which means it’s what makes the cream work. Here are a few common creams that contain zinc oxide and the percentage that they contain: Desitin Maximum Strength Original Paste (Owned by Johnson & Johnson) – 40% (highest percentage of zinc oxide you can get without a prescription) Desitin Rapid Relief Cream (Owned by Johnson & Johnson)- 19% Penaten Medicated Creme (A German based company owned by Johnson & Johnson)- 18% New Penaten Creamy Diaper Rash Treatment (A German based company owned by Johnson & Johnson) - 13% California Baby Super Sensitive Diaper Rash Cream & Calming Diaper Rash Cream - 12% Lansinoh Diaper Rash Ointment (Owned by Pigeon – an international company) – 5.5% Burt’s Bees Baby Bee Diaper Ointment (Owned by Clorox) – ???% This is the only diaper rash cream without the percentage of zinc oxide listed on the label. Zinc oxide is the second ingredient on the label. (Ingredients are listed in order by how much of each ingredient is in the recipe so the first ingredients are the largest portions.)

Being certifiably out of my mind, when I endeavor to do strange and unusual things in my shop, it rarely raises any eyebrows. However, my latest little foray into the unknown has a few of my car-guy buddies rather enthused. Specifically, I spent several months complaining about the apparent difficulty and cost associated with getting parts coated in black oxide for corrosion protection and good looks. It’s not that it can’t be done locally you understand (I’m all about that whenever possible), it’s the entire headache of the experience, from cost, to “down-time” to cost……..you get the idea. So, I set off to research what options were out there to accomplish this type of work on a smaller, more affordable scale at home. Pretty quickly, I found there are basically two players in the “aftermarket” that offer viable black oxide kits: The venerable Eastwood Company and Caswell Inc. As much as I appreciate the efforts of the Eastwood Company to support our hobby, my personal experience with most of these types of “kits” they offer has been anything but shining. On the other hand, I have dealt with Caswell for several years on powder coating matters and find everything they offer to be top shelf and have never been disappointed. With little hesitation, I purchased Caswell’s 1.25 Gallon Black Oxide Kit and waited only a few short days before it was at my door. This kit was particularly interesting to me based on the fact that it was a “cold” process as opposed to the old standard “hot” process. This technology was pioneered by the gun industry and the finish is found on countless firearms in almost every conceivable form. The kit arrived very well packed and was rather surprising in its simplicity. The instructions were very easy to follow and with a few gallons of distilled water on hand, I was able to get started with my first batch of parts within minutes. The simple process involved mixing the blackening agent with distilled water in the supplied 1.5 gallon bucket. Then, as simple as you please, I submerged my freshly blasted pinion support bolts as well as a tapered snap ring installation sleeve I made to help in rebuilding Ford Cobra Mustang rear brake calipers (long story). I used an old pair of long needle nosed pliers to place and retrieve the parts in the solution with the total submerged time of less than 5 minutes total. The parts emerged from the solution a wonderful, even and very attractive black oxide finish, ready for sealing. The protective, penetrating sealant supplied in the kit is an oddly oily dark amber fluid that smells a bit like shellac. A quick 5-minute bath in the sealant was all that was required and I set the parts to the side for a few days to allow the sealant to penetrate and dry per the instructions. A quick drying off with a paper towel revealed perfectly uniform and evenly blackened parts with absolutely no headache whatsoever.

Black Oxide Coating process was originally developed during the early 1900’s. The modern bath become commercially prevalent during the later 1930’s and has remained so through today. With little advancement to the actual chemical process, Black Oxide Industries' commitment to continuous improvement in techniques, education, and latest technology has advanced BOI to the top of the Chemical Conversion Coating profession. Black Oxide process applies to ferrous, non-ferrous, brass and copper alloy. The Black Oxide is a true conversion coating converting iron to the naturally occurring black iron oxide compound called magnetite. The magnetite is produced through chemical reaction as the alloy is immersed into the hot blackening solution. Dwell times depend on such parameters as base alloy, part density, surface hardness, and nature of the heat treated surface. The Black Oxide conversion will not reduce hardness or affect the dimensional characteristics of the finished part. Producing no appreciable dimensional change, it has been documented to be measured at 5 millionths of an inch. The coating becomes an integral part of the base metal surface and does not chip, peel, crack, or rub off. When aesthetics are specified, note that the gloss level or shade of black cannot be controlled. The finish is dependent on the condition or finish of the base material. The desired gloss level may be achieved prior to the Black Oxide process through mechanical means. Machining, polishing, line-graining, abrasive blast, polishing and buffing, all play an integral part in achieving a desired shade or gloss level of black color. Black Oxide is considered as a non-sacrificial coating, meaning it offers a limited amount of corrosion protection and generally is specified when dimensional build-up of a more corrosion resistant finish cannot be tolerated. BOI performs Black Oxide processes certifying to various aerospace, military, and prime customer specifications: MIL-DTL-13924 Class 1, 2, 3, & 4 (steel & stainless steel)

Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Although the many forms of life on Earth utilize a range of different nutrients, almost all carry out oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP, the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of storing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as glycolysis. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in a redox reaction. This redox step releases energy, which is captured in the form of ATP. In eukaryotes these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within mitochondria, whereas in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' inner membranes. These linked sets of enzymes are called electron transport chains.