Note: EPA no longer updates this information, but it may be useful as a reference or resource. Nature and Sources of the Pollutant: Nitrogen dioxide belongs to a family of highly reactive gases called nitrogen oxides (NOx). These gases form when fuel is burned at high temperatures, and come principally from motor vehicle exhaust and stationary sources such as electric utilities and industrial boilers. A suffocating, brownish gas, nitrogen dioxide is a strong oxidizing agent that reacts in the air to form corrosive nitric acid, as well as toxic organic nitrates. It also plays a major role in the atmospheric reactions that produce ground-level ozone (or smog). Health and Environmental Effects: Nitrogen dioxide can irritate the lungs and lower resistance to respiratory infections such as influenza. The effects of short-term exposure are still unclear, but continued or frequent exposure to concentrations that are typically much higher than those normally found in the ambient air may cause increased incidence of acute respiratory illness in children. EPA's health-based national air quality standard for NO2 is 0.053 ppm (measured as an annual arithmetic mean concentration). Nitrogen oxides contribute to ozone formation and can have adverse effects on both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Nitrogen oxides in the air can significantly contribute to a number of environmental effects such as acid rain and eutrophication in coastal waters like the Chesapeake Bay. Eutrophication occurs when a body of water suffers an increase in nutrients that leads to a reduction in the amount of oxygen in the water, producing an environment that is destructive to fish and other animal life. Trends in Nitrogen Dioxide Levels: Nationally, annual NO2 concentrations remained relatively constant throughout the 1980's, followed by decreasing concentrations in the 1990's. Average NO2 concentrations in 1995 were 14 percent lower than the average concentrations recorded in 1986. The two primary sources of the NOx emissions in 1995 were fuel combustion (46 percent) and transportation (49 percent). Between 1986 and 1995, emissions from fuel combustion decreased 6 percent, and emissions from highway vehicles decreased 2 percent. Overall, national total NOx emissions decreased 3 percent. Additionally, 1995 is the fourth year in a row that all monitoring locations across the nation, including Los Angeles, met the Federal NO2 air quality standard.

The white car in the near lane (closest to the camera) is purging nitrous oxide A nitrous oxide engine is an engine in which the oxygen required for burning the fuel stems from the decomposition of nitrous oxide (N2O) rather than air. The system increases the internal combustion engine's power output by allowing fuel to be burned at a higher-than-normal rate, because of the higher partial pressure of oxygen injected into the fuel mixture. Terminology [edit] In the context of racing, nitrous oxide is often termed nitrous or NOS . The term NOS is derived from the initials of the company name Nitrous Oxide Systems, one of the pioneering companies in the development of nitrous oxide injection systems for automotive performance use. Mechanism [edit] When a mole of nitrous oxide decomposes, it releases half a mole of O2 molecules (oxygen gas), and one mole of N2 molecules (nitrogen gas). This decomposition allows an oxygen concentration of 33% to be reached. Nitrogen gas is non-combustible and does not support combustion. Air—which contains only 21% oxygen, the rest being nitrogen and other equally non-combustible and non-combustion-supporting gasses—permits a 12-percent-lower maximum-oxygen level than that of nitrous oxide. This oxygen supports combustion; it alone combines with gasoline, alcohol, or diesel fuel to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor, along with heat, which causes the former two products of combustion to expand and exert pressure on pistons, driving the engine. Nitrous oxide is stored as a liquid in tanks, but is a gas under atmospheric conditions. When injected as a liquid into an inlet manifold, the vaporization and expansion causes a reduction in air/fuel charge temperature with an associated increase in density, thereby increasing the cylinder's volumetric efficiency. As the decomposition of N2O into oxygen and nitrogen gas is exothermic and thus contributes to a higher temperature in the combustion engine, the decomposition increases engine efficiency and performance, which is directly related to the difference in temperature between the unburned fuel mixture and the hot combustion gasses produced in the cylinders.

Aegle marmelos (Indian Bael) is a tree which belongs to the family of Rutaceae. It holds a prominent position in both Indian medicine and Indian culture. We have screened various fractions of Aegle marmelos extracts for their anticancer properties using in vitro cell models. Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to analyze the biomolecules present in the Aegle marmelos extract. Jurkat and human neuroblastoma (IMR-32) cells were treated with different concentrations of the fractionated Aegle marmelos extracts. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that optimal concentration (50µg/ml) of beta caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide fractions of Aegle marmelos extract can induce apoptosis in Jurkat cell line. cDNA expression profiling of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes was carried out using real time PCR (RT-PCR). Down-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes (bcl-2, mdm2, cox2 and cmyb) and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes (bax, bak1, caspase-8, caspase-9 and ATM) in Jurkat and IMR-32 cells treated with the beta caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide fractions of Aegle marmelos extract revealed the insights of the downstream apoptotic mechanism. Furthermore, in-silico approach was employed to understand the upstream target involved in the induction of apoptosis by the beta caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide fractions of Aegle marmelos extract. Herein, we report that beta caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide isolated from Aegle marmelos can act as potent anti-inflammatory agents and modulators of a newly established therapeutic target, 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). Beta caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide can induce apoptosis in lymphoma and neuroblastoma cells via modulation of 15-LOX (up-stream target) followed by the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes. CITATION : Sain S, Naoghare PK, Devi SS, et al. Beta caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide, isolated from Aegle marmelos , as the potent anti-inflammatory agents against lymphoma and neuroblastoma cells. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 2014;13(1):45-55.

John R. Dunbar, UC Cooperative Extension Livestock Nutritionist James G. Morris, Veterinary Medicine and Physiological Sciences Ben B. Norman, UC Davis A. J. Jenkins, Colorado State University Charles B. Wilson, Sutter-Yuba counties John M. Connor, UC Sierra Foothill Research Extension Center publication information California Agriculture 47(3):25-26. . author affiliations J. R. Dunbar is UC Cooperative Extension Livestock Nutritionist; J. G. Morris is Professor, Veterinary Medicine and Physiological Sciences; B. B. Norman is Veterinarian, Veterinary Medicine Extension, UC Davis; A. J. Jenkins is Cooperative Extension Agent, Colorado State University; C. B. Wilson is UC Cooperative Extension County Director, Sutter-Yuba counties; J. M. Connor is Superintendent, UC Sierra Foothill Research Extension Center.

We have done business with them for a number of years and when the daughter took it over, the customer service went downhill almost immediately. We sent our driver in to drop off our parts and asked them to hold off for an hour on processing our order because we had more parts to add. When I picked up the completed order (9 days later), they handed me the bill and we were charged for 2 lots. I tried reminding them that we had asked to hold the order for the remaining parts. She claimed that never happened and it was our drivers word against their employee. I said that this was horrible customer service and perhaps I should take my business elsewhere. She went to her desk, handed me a piece of paper and said, "Good luck finding anyone else. We are the only Black Oxide service in San Diego county." The paper she handed me had other Black Oxide services North of us in the LA area and Anaheim areas. I was shocked that she would treat customers this way. No regard for the years of business we gave them. Plus, their rates had increased drastically in the past two years. So, I called the other companies and found a GREAT one in Santa Fe Springs called AllBlack Co. I spoke with Juan at 1.800.425.2522 and he walked me through their process. He set me up with a new account, sent his delivery driver down our way, picked up on a Wed. and had my parts back to me Friday - 2 days later!! Their rates are 1/2 of what Black Oxide in San Marcos are. Plus, their customer service is incredible! BO in San Marcos took close to 2 weeks to get me my parts. Additionally, they closed during Christmas for 3 weeks. So, I guess I should thank BO in San Marcos for the sheet of paper with all of their competitors... It's where I found a fantastic company, wonderful customer service, great turn-around and low rates - AllBlack Co!!!

Lewis Structures of Atoms The chemical symbol for the atom is surrounded by a number of dots corresponding to the number of valence electrons. Lewis Structures for Ions of Elements The chemical symbol for the element is surrounded by the number of valence electrons present in the ion . The whole structure is then placed within square brackets, with a superscript to indicate the charge on the ion. Atoms will gain or lose electrons in order to achieve a stable, Noble Gas (Group 18), electronic configuration. Negative ions (anions) are formed when an atom gains electrons. Positive ions (cations) are formed when an atom loses electrons. Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds The overall charge on the compound must equal zero, that is, the number of electrons lost by one atom must equal the number of electrons gained by the other atom. The Lewis Structure (electron dot diagram) of each ion is used to construct the Lewis Structure (electron dot diagram) for the ionic compound. Examples Lithium fluoride, LiF Lithium atom loses one electron to form the cation Li+ Fluorine atom gains one electron to form the anion F- Lithium fluoride compound can be represented asLi+ OR Lithium oxide, Li2O Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds In a covalent compound, electrons are shared between atoms to form a covalent bond in order that each atom in the compound has a share in the number of electrons required to provide a stable, Noble Gas, electronic configuration. Electrons in the Lewis Structure (electron dot diagram) are paired to show the bonding pair of electrons. Often the shared pair of electrons forming the covalent bond is circled Sometimes the bond itself is shown (-), these structures can be referred to as valence structures . hydrogen fluoride, HF ammonia, NH3 oxygen molecule, O2 Each oxygen will share 2 of its valence electrons in order to form 2 bonding pairs of electrons (a double covalent bond) so that each oxygen will have a share in 8 valence electrons (electronic configuration of neon). Lewis Structure (electron dot diagram) for the oxygen molecule OR &nbsp subscribe to AUS-e-TUTE's free quarterly newsletter, AUS-e-NEWS. AUS-e-NEWS is emailed out in December, March, June, and September. The quickest way to find the definition of a term is to ask Chris, the AUS-e-TUTE Chemist. Chris can also send you to the relevant

The procedure that can be followed when confronted with the name of a compound and you wish to write its formula is as follows: 3. Balance the total positive and negative charge on the cation and anion. You ask yourself do the total positive charge and total negative charge add up to zero. If the answer is no then we ask how many of each ion must we have in order to balance charge. We must have the same number of positive charges as we do of negative charges. Another way of saying that is that they must add up to zero. 4. Once you have determined the number of units of the cation and anion those become the subscripts which are placed right after the respective symbol. Identify the symbols of the cation and anion Copper is Cu and Oxide is O Identify the charge for each and place above the symbol in parenthesis For Copper I that would be 1+ and for Oxide that would be 2- Balance the positive and negative charges Since each Copper is 1+ and each Oxide is 2- then it will take two Cu+ to balance one oxide with a 2- so that 2(1+) + 1(2-) = 0. The numbers outside the parenthesis become the subscripts in the formula Write the formula placing the subscripts right after the symbol they go with. Cu2O Identify the symbols of each part of the name Calcium symbol is Ca and Nitride symbol is N Identify the charge for each Calcium belongs from Group 2 which always has a +2 and Nitride will be a single Nitrogen with a -3 charge Balance charge Since Calcium is +2 and Nitride is -3 the only way to balance them is to have three Calcium's and two nitrides Write the symbol beginning with the symbol that is first in the name and include the subscript after each symbol Ca3N2 Formula writing with Polyatomic Ions 1. Identify the symbol of the cation (first part of the name) and the anion The symbol for Iron is Fe and the symbol for Carbonate which is a polyatomic ion is CO3 2. Identify the valence or charge of each symbol and place it in parenthesis just above the symbol The valence for Iron (III) is 3+ and the valence for Carbonate is 2- 3. Balance the total positive and negative charge on the cation and anion. You ask yourself do the total positive charge and total negative charge add up to zero. If the answer is no then we ask how many of each ion must we have in order to balance charge. We must have the same number of positive charges as we do of negative charges. Another way of saying that is that they must add up to zero. Since an Iron (III) has a +3 charge and the Carbonate ion has a 2- then it would take two Fe3+ units to balance three CO32- units

Chemours has been a pioneer in titanium dioxide technology for the coatings industry and ranks 1st among titanium dioxide manufacturers in product quality, customer service, and production capacity. The goal of our business is to utilize the breadth of capabilities and depth of knowledge intrinsic to Chemours to enable our customers to be more successful. By doing so Chemours Titanium Technologies provides creative & comprehensive solutions tailored to improve customers' product & business performance. We strive to continually be: Innovative - Developing leading products for the coatings industry Enabling - Providing premier systemic solutions Insightful - Offering expert industry consultants

Alternative health practitioners know the benefits of period internal cleansing to maintain overall health and wellness. Magesium oxide is a safe and extremely effective substance to help achieve this. When the compound mixes with water, it essentially frees “blocked” oxygen in the intestinal tract. The additional oxygen promotes aerobic bacteria to grow (“friendly flora”) which, in turn, prevents the growth of “unfriendly” bacteria or fungi. At the same time, the additional oxygen combines with hydrogen to create water which softens any impacted or hardened fecal material, thereby creating the laxative and cleansing effect. One of the best things about utilizing magnesium oxide for cleansing is the mild and natural nature of it relative to chemically derived laxatives. Remember, in the end, it is basically just a mix of water with oxygen. This eliminates the cramping or pain that can result from other laxative use. It is also a method that allows for easy variation of dose which allows a person to control the level or rate of cleansing that suits their needs and lifestyle. Our typical western diet makes the routine cleanse an important process, especially for people who may suffer from constipation on a regular basis. The ability to cleanse in a non-invasive manner also contributes to the popularity magnesium oxide as a natural laxative and intestinal cleanser. In additional, utilizing a laxative that is consumed orally ensures a more complete, cohesive cleanse as the whole intestinal tract is therefore cleansed, literally from top to bottom. In contrast, an enema only truly cleanses the lower portion of the intestinal tract, thereby limiting the effectiveness.

So you may be wondering why I use a synthetic substance, zinc oxide, in my products if I’m trying to be all natural. You may not even know exactly what zinc oxide is. I definitely didn’t until doing some extensive research as I started creating baby products. As soon as I started down this crunchy path creating my own beauty and household products, I decided that I wanted to be as knowledgeable as possible on every substance I put in or on my body. I stay away from processed foods, synthetically produced substances and toxic chemicals. The very core of my values related to my product line is to keep it natural. That’s why I want to explain what zinc oxide is and why I’m using it in the diaper rash cream. What is Zinc Oxide? Zinc oxide is a fine white powder that is insoluble in water. That simply means that if you dump a little zinc oxide into a cup of hot water and stir it around, you’ll just end up with powder and water. Zinc oxide can occur naturally as the mineral zincite but most zinc oxide is synthetically produced. (see wikipedia) You’ll find zinc oxide in a lot of products as an additive, and in the beauty world you will see it in diaper rash cream and in sunscreen. Why Zinc Oxide Works Like Magic in Diaper Rash Creams When you mix zinc oxide with hot emollients, butters, and oils the end result is a thick white cream. While the cream is still hot, you can see the powdery zinc oxide as a separate substance but as it cools the cream becomes a normal consistency and the powder dissolves. Rub the zinc oxide cream on your skin and water droplets will sit on top of the cream. Wash your zinc oxide hands in warm water and you’ll still have beading water. The zinc oxide repels the water and keeps it away from your skin. This is exactly what it does on your baby’s body as well. Wet diapers won’t cause diaper rash because your baby has a layer of zinc oxide cream on that repels the wetness. It’s the best substance to use in diaper rash creams because it works so well at repelling moisture. Zinc Oxide Percentages in Other Diaper Rash Creams Zinc oxide can be found in most “natural” diaper rash creams as well as most mainstream store bought creams. It is the active substance in all these creams which means it’s what makes the cream work. Here are a few common creams that contain zinc oxide and the percentage that they contain: Desitin Maximum Strength Original Paste (Owned by Johnson & Johnson) – 40% (highest percentage of zinc oxide you can get without a prescription) Desitin Rapid Relief Cream (Owned by Johnson & Johnson)- 19% Penaten Medicated Creme (A German based company owned by Johnson & Johnson)- 18% New Penaten Creamy Diaper Rash Treatment (A German based company owned by Johnson & Johnson) - 13% California Baby Super Sensitive Diaper Rash Cream & Calming Diaper Rash Cream - 12% Lansinoh Diaper Rash Ointment (Owned by Pigeon – an international company) – 5.5% Burt’s Bees Baby Bee Diaper Ointment (Owned by Clorox) – ???% This is the only diaper rash cream without the percentage of zinc oxide listed on the label. Zinc oxide is the second ingredient on the label. (Ingredients are listed in order by how much of each ingredient is in the recipe so the first ingredients are the largest portions.)